과천외고 3학년 수능 영어 독해: 양성 신호와 기저율을 함께 읽는 법 실전문제

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난이도 하 15점1. 검사 지문의 수치를 그대로 보존한 설명은?

A workshop checked 1,000 valves. Ten were faulty. The sensor flagged nine of the faulty valves and 99 of the 990 sound valves. Staff inspected each flagged valve before deciding whether to replace it.

① The sensor flagged nine of the ten faulty valves.② The sensor flagged all ten faulty valves.③ Only nine valves were flagged in total.④ Every flagged valve was replaced immediately.⑤ The workshop had 990 faulty valves.

난이도 중 20점2. 경고가 울린 밸브 중 실제 결함의 비율을 묻는다면 어떤 계산이 적절한가?

Of 1,000 valves, 10 were faulty and 990 sound. The sensor flagged nine faulty valves and 99 sound valves. A technician wants to know the share of truly faulty valves among all those that received an alarm.

① 9/10, because there were ten faulty valves.② 99/990, because there were 990 sound valves.③ 9/108, because 108 valves were flagged and nine of them were faulty.④ 10/1,000, because that was the original fault rate.⑤ 99/108, because every sound alarm is a true fault.

난이도 상 25점3. 같은 검사 비율에서 바뀐 결함 기저율의 결과로 가장 적절한 것은?

In a second batch of 1,000 valves, 100 were faulty. The sensor again flagged 90% of faulty valves and 10% of sound valves. In the earlier batch, only 10 of 1,000 had been faulty under the same sensor rates, giving 9 true alarms and 99 false alarms.

① The sensor became more sensitive in the second batch.② The second batch produced 90 true alarms and 90 false alarms, so half its alarms indicated real faults.③ The second batch produced only nine true alarms.④ The first batch had more faulty valves than the second.⑤ The higher share of true alarms proves the sensor's false-alarm rate fell.

난이도 수능 이상 40점4. 센서 경고와 추가 검사의 필요성을 가장 정확히 설명한 것은?

A coastal lab screened 2,000 sealed water samples. Exactly 20 contained a rare contaminant. A quick sensor flagged 18 of those 20 and also flagged 198 of the 1,980 clean samples. The lab then tested all flagged samples with a slower method. The text reports no result from that second method, and staff had not yet discarded any samples.

① Because 90% of contaminated samples were flagged, 90% of all flagged samples were contaminated.② The quick sensor flagged 216 samples, only 18 of which were known to contain the contaminant; the later test's result is not given.③ The lab discarded every flagged sample before the slow test.④ All clean samples escaped the quick sensor's alarm.⑤ The second method proved that the quick sensor's 198 false alarms were actually contaminated.

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