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PART A · 문장과 독해 진단

중5점 · 어휘 · 다의어1. qualified의 문맥상 의미는?

The committee did not reject the proposal outright. It qualified its approval by requiring an independent safety review before construction could begin.

① proved a person’s professional ability② removed every objection③ announced unconditional support④ limited approval by adding a condition⑤ replaced the committee entirely

상5점 · 어휘 · 어휘 추론2. plausible의 의미로 가장 적절한 것은?

The critic praised the account as plausible but refused to call it established. Several details fitted the evidence, yet a different account could explain the same details equally well.

① reasonable enough to be considered, though not proved② certain beyond any possible doubt③ impossible to reconcile with the evidence④ unrelated to any observed detail⑤ accepted because every alternative had failed

상5점 · 어법 · 도치3. 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 적절한 것은?

Only after the researchers checked the original records ( ) that the first estimate was wrong.

① they realized② did they realized③ did they realize④ had they realize⑤ they did realized

상5점 · 어법 · 관계절·수동태4. 빈칸에 들어갈 말은?

The samples, all of ( ) had been stored at the same temperature, were examined by two independent teams.

① them② that③ what④ whose⑤ which

상5점 · 독해 · 필자 입장5. 큐레이터의 입장으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A museum replaced a label that described a historical protest as a disturbance with one that called it a campaign for representation. Neither phrase was a simple list of observable actions. Each directed attention toward a different interpretation of those actions. A visitor argued that museums should therefore remove all language that carries a perspective. The curator replied that even choosing which events to mention gives an account a particular shape. This does not mean that any description is as good as any other. Dates can be checked, claims can be supported, and omissions can be questioned. The goal is not to pretend that a description has no viewpoint, but to make the relationship between its claims and the available evidence open to scrutiny.

① Every viewpoint makes historical facts impossible to check.② Accounts should make their claims and supporting evidence examinable.③ Museums should remove all descriptions from exhibitions.④ A politically sympathetic label is always accurate.⑤ Any two descriptions of the same event are equally justified.

상5점 · 독해 · 범위·반론6. 글의 논지에 비추어 타당한 비판은?

A museum replaced a label that described a historical protest as a disturbance with one that called it a campaign for representation. Neither phrase was a simple list of observable actions. Each directed attention toward a different interpretation of those actions. A visitor argued that museums should therefore remove all language that carries a perspective. The curator replied that even choosing which events to mention gives an account a particular shape. This does not mean that any description is as good as any other. Dates can be checked, claims can be supported, and omissions can be questioned. The goal is not to pretend that a description has no viewpoint, but to make the relationship between its claims and the available evidence open to scrutiny.

① 관점이 있으면 날짜 확인도 무의미하다.② 누락을 질문하면 모든 관점이 사라진다.③ 표현이 중립적으로 들리면 근거를 확인할 필요가 없다.④ 관점을 공개한 설명도 잘못된 날짜나 중요한 누락이 있으면 비판받을 수 있다.⑤ 사건을 고르는 행위에는 어떤 관점도 개입하지 않는다.

중5점 · 독해 · 요지7. 핵심 주장으로 가장 적절한 것은?

A company introduced a tool that could draft reports in seconds. Managers initially measured its success by the time employees spent producing a first draft. On that measure, the tool performed extremely well. However, reviewers sometimes needed extra time to check sources and correct plausible but inaccurate statements. Some teams also stopped recording why particular claims had been included, making later revisions more difficult. None of this shows that rapid drafting is worthless. It shows that a local improvement can be mistaken for a system-wide gain when costs are merely transferred to a later stage. A fair comparison must include drafting, verification, and subsequent maintenance, as well as the consequences of errors that survive these stages.

① A faster first step does not by itself establish an improvement in the whole process.② Every automated draft is less accurate than a human draft.③ Report quality depends only on how long the first draft takes.④ Reviewers should stop checking sources to save time.⑤ Rapid drafting has no possible value to any team.

상5점 · 독해 · 복합 조건 적용8. 비교 결과 중 도구 도입의 전체 효율 개선을 가장 잘 뒷받침하는 것은?

A company introduced a tool that could draft reports in seconds. Managers initially measured its success by the time employees spent producing a first draft. On that measure, the tool performed extremely well. However, reviewers sometimes needed extra time to check sources and correct plausible but inaccurate statements. Some teams also stopped recording why particular claims had been included, making later revisions more difficult. None of this shows that rapid drafting is worthless. It shows that a local improvement can be mistaken for a system-wide gain when costs are merely transferred to a later stage. A fair comparison must include drafting, verification, and subsequent maintenance, as well as the consequences of errors that survive these stages.

① 초안 시간이 줄었지만 검토·수정 시간은 측정하지 않았다.② 직원들이 화면 디자인을 선호했다.③ 동일 업무에서 초안·검증·후속 수정 총시간이 줄고, 남은 오류의 빈도와 심각도도 늘지 않았다.④ 초안 분량이 늘었지만 오류 기록은 남기지 않았다.⑤ 검토자에게 전달하는 시점만 빨라졌다.

상5점 · 독해 · 연구 설계9. 추가 가정의 추첨 설계가 강화하는 것은?

A researcher compared towns that had built cycle lanes with towns that had not. Cycling increased more in the first group. Yet the towns that chose to build lanes had also announced new parking charges and had unusually active cycling associations before construction began. These differences make it difficult to isolate the contribution of the lanes. Imagine, however, that two otherwise comparable districts introduced identical parking charges and that the timing of lane construction was assigned by a lottery. If cycling then rose more in the district receiving lanes first, the case for a causal effect would become stronger. Even that result would not show that lanes work equally well everywhere: terrain, connections to existing routes, and travel needs could still influence outcomes elsewhere.

① All towns have identical terrain.② A cycle lane can never affect commuting.③ Parking charges have no influence in any district.④ Cycling associations disappear after random assignment.⑤ The lane timing is less likely to reflect pre-existing district preferences.

상5점 · 독해 · 인과·일반화10. 두 연구 단계의 해석으로 가장 정확한 것은?

A researcher compared towns that had built cycle lanes with towns that had not. Cycling increased more in the first group. Yet the towns that chose to build lanes had also announced new parking charges and had unusually active cycling associations before construction began. These differences make it difficult to isolate the contribution of the lanes. Imagine, however, that two otherwise comparable districts introduced identical parking charges and that the timing of lane construction was assigned by a lottery. If cycling then rose more in the district receiving lanes first, the case for a causal effect would become stronger. Even that result would not show that lanes work equally well everywhere: terrain, connections to existing routes, and travel needs could still influence outcomes elsewhere.

① 처음 비교만으로 자전거도로의 효과 크기를 확정한다.② 추첨 후 차이는 인과 근거를 강화하지만 다른 지역에서 같은 크기의 효과까지 보장하지 않는다.③ 주차요금이 같으면 모든 지역의 교통 수요도 같아진다.④ 인과관계를 조금이라도 지지하면 지역 조건은 고려할 필요가 없다.⑤ 외적 적용의 한계가 있으므로 두 실험의 증거 가치는 완전히 같다.

상5점 · 독해 · 논증 구조11. 두 번째 독자의 지적이 하는 역할은?

An archive contains the letters that an editor selected for publication, not every letter an author wrote. Suppose none of the published letters mentions a local strike. One reader treats this silence as proof that the author was unaware of the strike. Another notes that the editor excluded letters dealing mainly with politics. The second reader has not proved that the author knew about the event, but has identified a reason why knowledge of it might leave no trace in the published collection. Absence is informative only in relation to an expectation: would the evidence have appeared and survived if the proposed event had occurred? Where selection systematically removes relevant traces, a confident negative conclusion may tell us more about our assumptions than about the past.

① 작가가 파업을 알고 있었다는 사실을 확정한다.② 기록의 부재는 어떤 상황에서도 의미 없음을 증명한다.③ 편집자가 모든 편지를 보존했다는 전제를 추가한다.④ 지식이 있어도 관련 언급이 출판본에서 빠질 수 있는 대안 설명을 제시한다.⑤ 파업 자체가 없었다는 직접 증거를 제공한다.

상5점 · 독해 · 복합 추론12. 부재를 미발생의 근거로 삼기 위한 조건을 가장 잘 충족하는 사례는?

An archive contains the letters that an editor selected for publication, not every letter an author wrote. Suppose none of the published letters mentions a local strike. One reader treats this silence as proof that the author was unaware of the strike. Another notes that the editor excluded letters dealing mainly with politics. The second reader has not proved that the author knew about the event, but has identified a reason why knowledge of it might leave no trace in the published collection. Absence is informative only in relation to an expectation: would the evidence have appeared and survived if the proposed event had occurred? Where selection systematically removes relevant traces, a confident negative conclusion may tell us more about our assumptions than about the past.

① 해당 사건이 발생하면 반드시 작성되는 기록을 누락 없이 보존한 자료에서 그 기록이 발견되지 않는다.② 편집자가 정치적 내용을 제외한 선집에 파업 언급이 없다.③ 일부가 소실된 서랍에서 특정 편지를 찾지 못했다.④ 열람이 금지된 문서에서 특정 이름을 확인하지 못했다.⑤ 기록 관행을 모르지만 검색 결과가 적으므로 사건이 없었다고 본다.